美国大学如何考中国政治？分享八个政治题目来看看。

这学期非常有幸能在伯克利政治系修Chinese Politics, 让我得以从外国视角看待中国政治历史。对比中外教程的切入点和考察方式实在是非常有趣的一件事，在此给自己做一个小小的记录吧。

Essays questions. Answer any two of the following at greater length in a coherent and persuasive essay (40 points each):

1. What was the reform and opening policy, and why was it launched? Why was it so successful, when previous attempts at rapid growth had so disastrously failed? Was there a clear strategy of reform, and if so, what was it ( and if not, how did the policy evolve)?
1. 改革开放是什么，为什么要实施改革开放？为什么（改革开放）前促进快速发展的尝试彻底失败，而改革开放如此成功？改革有一个清晰的策略么，如果有的话是什么？（如果没有，政策是如何制定的呢？）

2. What are the reasons that China implemented the dual-track system for the economic reforms since 1978? What are the impacts of such state-lead, top-down system? Who is the winner and who is the loser of such system--the SOEs or the private sector?
2.中国1978年经济改革后实施价格双轨制的原因是什么？这个国家主导，自上而下的制度的影响是什么？在这个制度中，谁是赢家谁是输家——是国有企业还是私营企业？

3. Why did the Sino-Soviet dispute occur? What were the power-political and ideoligical issues at stake? Why and how was the dispite ultimately resolved? How do you assess current Sino-Russian relations?
3.为什么中苏关系会破裂？当时关于政治权利和意识形态的争端有哪些？中苏交恶最终为何，如何解决的？你如何评价当前的中俄关系？

4. There are two distinct images of China in international affairs. One argues that China empolys soft power to promote a harmonious world while another argument says that China is a "free-rider," posing as a threat that will destabilize and change international norms and systems. What evidence exists for each of these two arguments? Which argument is more justified in your view?
4.在国际事务中中国有两个截然不同的形象。一种观点认为中国运用软实力来推动和谐世界，另一种认为中国是一个"搭便车者",会动摇并且改变了国际规范和体系。各有什么证据支持这两种观点？在你看来那种观点更在理？

5. Why does China insist on reunification with Taiwan, which has not been part of China since 1895？Include in your answer issues of national identity, national security, and any other relevant factors. Why do most Taiwanese currently oppose reunification, and what is Beijing's strategy to change that situation?
5.自从1895年以来台湾大部分时间就不属于中国大陆政权所管辖，而为什么中国要坚持统一台湾？从国家认同，国家安全和其他相关要素作答。为什么大多数台湾人反对统一，北京的应对策略是什么？

6. The founding principle of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the "the Party commands the gun." During the Maoist period, the loyalty of the PLA to the Party was absolute. During the Tianxnmen event in 19X9, the CCP leaders were shocked to find out the some military leaders opted not to shoot Chinese civilians in defiance of direct orders. Explain your understanding of civil-military (i.e. party-army) relations since 1989.
6.中国人民解放军的基本原则是"党领导枪"。在毛时代，解放军对党保持绝对忠诚。在19X9的XXX事件中，中共领导人惊异地发现，一些军队领导无视直接命令选择不向中国公民开枪。解释你对1989年后党-军关系的理解。

7. In 2007, China's premier Wen Jiabao coined the "Four Uns" to characterize the Chinese economy: "unsustainable, uncoordinated, unbalanced, and unstable." Why did he characterize the economy in such a way, and what did he mean? What measures have since been taken to correct these problems? Will they work?
7.在2007年，中国国务院总理温家宝提出"四不"形容中国经济：不稳定，不协调，不平衡，不持续。他为何如此描述中国经济？为纠正这些问题，实施过哪些措施？会有效么？

8. The People's Republic of China emerged from the world's greatest revolution, and attempted to project that revolution to the rest of the world. How did that attempt work out? Why is the Chinese revolution still honored today while the Cultural Revolution is officially repudiated?
8.中华人民共和国脱胎于全世界最宏大的革命，并试图向外部世界输出革命。它为何会尝试这样做？为何在文化大革命被官方否定的今天，中国革命仍受到尊崇？